Changes in Na+,K+-ATPase activity and gill chloride cell morphology in the grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae and juveniles in response to salinity and temperature

The activity of the enzyme Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase and morphological changes of gill chloride cells in grouper, Epinephelus coioides larvae and juveniles were determined 6–48 h after abrupt transfer from ambient rearing conditions (30–32 ppt, 26.5–30 °C) to different salinity (8, 18, 32, 40 ppt) and temperature (25, 30 °C) combinations. Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity in day 20 larvae did not change at salinities 8–32 ppt. Activity decreased significantly (P <0.01) after exposure to 40 ppt at 25–30 °C, which was accompanied by an increase (P <0.05) in density and fractional area of chloride cells. Enzyme activity in 40 ppt did not reach a stable level and larvae failed to recover from an osmotic imbalance that produced a low survival at 25 °C and death of all larvae at 30 °C. Enzyme activity and chloride cell morphology in day 40 groupers did not change in 8–40 ppt at 25 °C and 8–32 ppt at 30 °C. A significant decrease and a subsequent increase in Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity in 40 ppt at 30 °C was associated with the increase in chloride cell density resulting in an increased fractional area but a decreased cell size. Enzyme activity and chloride cells of day 60 grouper were unaffected by abrupt transfer to test salinities and temperatures. These results demonstrate that grouper larvae and juveniles are efficient osmoregulators over a wide range of salinities. Salinity adaptation showed an ontogenetic shift as the larvae grew and reached the juvenile stage. This development of tolerance limits may reflect their response to actual conditions existing in the natural environment.     

旧院黑鸡及其三系配套组合的外貌特征及肉用性能分析

对300日龄的旧院黑鸡JY纯系和旧院黑鸡JY×(绿壳蛋鸡×芦花鸡)LL杂交后代母鸡JLL进行外貌特征和肉用性能比较,并分析体尺性状与屠宰性能、肤色与肉色的关系,建立屠宰性能和肉色的最佳回归方程,以期进一步开发旧院黑鸡的肉用性能。结果表明,JLL与JY的冠、羽、胫、皮肤均为乌色,但JY为豆冠,JLL为单冠。JY和JLL的活体质量均达1 800g以上,屠宰率分别为89.17%和93.30%,全净膛率分别为59.12%和63.41%。JLL的体斜长、龙骨长、胫长、冠高、胸肌质量、皮脂厚、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率均高于JY,肤色L*值,胸肌和腿肌的L*值和a*值均低于JY,而腿肌肉色b*值则高于JY。体斜长、龙骨长、胫长、胫围、冠高等体尺性状与屠宰性能显著相关,肤色L*值、a*值与肉色显著相关。活体质量、屠体质量、屠宰率、半净膛质量、半净膛率、全净膛质量与相关体尺性状(胫围、胫长、体斜长)的回归方程R2值高于0.45,而肤色L*值与肉色(胸肌L*值、腿肌L*值、腿肌b*值)回归方程的R20.5。说明JLL具有理想的外貌特征和比JY更佳的肉用性能;胫围、胫长、体斜长和肤色L*值可作为肉用性能的评估指标,成功构建以体尺评估屠宰性能、肤色评估肉色的回归方程。     

Effect of temperature on growth and survival of maraena whitefish Coregonus maraena (Bloch 1779) larvae in controlled conditions

This 28‐day study investigated the effect of three rearing temperatures, 11, 15 and 19°C, on survival and growth of maraena whitefish fry in a recirculating aquaculture system. Three groups of larvae in three repetitions were reared in recirculating system. Each group comprised 200 larvae. Feeding level was fixed at 500–700 Artemia sp. metanauplii per fish per day. Larvae were fed fresh live brine shrimp at 10 ml/tank every 3 hr. Significantly higher body weight (p = 0.00), total length (p = 0.00), larval yield (p = 0.00) and condition factor (p = 0.00) were obtained at 19°C compared to 15 and 11°C, as well as at 15°C compared to 11°C. Significantly higher survival (p = 0.00) was observed in larvae reared at 11 and 15°C compare to 19°C and no significant differences were observed between 11°C compared to 15°C. No significant differences in size heterogeneity among treatments were found (p = 0.46). In larviculture, the optimal assessed temperature for growth of maraena whitefish was 19°C, with highest survival observed at 11°C, at the end of this 28 days trial. The findings in this study apply to the particular study location and may not be applicable more broadly.     

Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid sources,microalgae meal and oil,on growth,fatty acid composition and docosahexaenoic acid retention of orange‐spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides

This study evaluated the effects of Aurantiochytrium spp. microalgae meal and oil as dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) sources on the growth, fatty acid composition and DHA retention of orange‐spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Dietary fish oil was replaced with microalgae meal or oil to provide an equal amount of DHA as a fish oil‐containing basal diet. In total, three experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial wt: 8.48 ± 0.06 g) in a recirculating system for 8 weeks. The weight gain and feed efficiency of the fish did not differ significantly among the experimental diets. The fatty acid composition of the whole body of the fish generally reflected the composition of their diet. The concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid in the whole body was higher in the fish fed the fish meal control diet than in those fed the two experimental diets The fish fed the control diet and those fed the diet containing microalgae oil exhibited higher DHA concentrations than did the fish fed the diet containing microalgae meal. The whole‐body DHA retention was the highest in the fish fed the diet with microalgae oil, followed by the fish fed the control diet. The lowest whole‐body DHA retention was observed in the fish fed the diet containing microalgae meal. The results suggested that the oil from Aurantiochytrium spp. microalgae can be used as DHA source for the grouper. DHA utilization by the fish was higher when the diet was supplemented with microalgae oil than with dry microalgae meal.     

粳稻优势生态型不同世代恢复系的恢复效果

利用粳型优势生态型台湾粳‘嘉农428’和‘嘉农育251’为受体材料,粳稻骨干恢复系‘C418’为供体材料,连续回交到BC_1F_1和BC_2F_1代,选择具有恢复基因的植株与不育系‘秋光A’‘宁粳16A’‘216A’‘552A’‘宁粳23A’‘宁粳24A’和‘花43A’测交,F1代均表现出一定的杂种优势,超对照优势最高达62.0%,超对照优势10%的比例最高达71.0%。BC_1F_1代与各不育系杂交F1较BC2F1代与各不育系杂交F1有更高的单株产量,有效穗数多,每穗粒数多。BC_1F_1代具有更高的配合力,与各不育系杂交F1杂种优势更明显。     

Identification and characterization of a late gene encoded by grouper iridovirus 2L (GIV‐2L)

Grouper iridovirus (GIV) belongs to the Ranavirus genus and is one of the most important viral pathogens in grouper, particularly at the fry and fingerling stages. In this study, we identified and characterized the GIV‐2L gene, which encodes a protein of unknown function. GIV‐2L is 1242 bp in length, with a predicted protein mass of 46.2 kDa. It displayed significant identity only with members of the Ranavirus and Iridovirus genera. We produced mouse monoclonal antibodies against the GIV‐2L protein by immunizing mice with GIV‐2L‐His‐tag recombinant protein. By inhibiting de novo protein and DNA synthesis in GIV‐infected cells, we showed that GIV‐2L was a late gene during the viral replication. Finally, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that GIV‐2L protein accumulated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. These results offer important insights into the pathogenesis of GIV.     

Identification and characterization of a novel lymphocystis disease virus isolate from cultured grouper in China

Grouper Epinephelus spp. is one of the most important mariculture fish species in China and South-East Asian countries. The emerging viral diseases, evoked by iridovirus which belongs to genus Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus, have been well characterized in recent years. To date, few data on lymphocystis disease in grouper which caused by lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) were described. Here, a novel LCDV isolate was identified and characterized. Based on the sequence of LCDV major capsid protein (MCP) and DNA polymerase gene, we found that the causative agents from different species of diseased groupers were the same one and herein were uniformly defined as grouper LCDV (GLCDV). Furthermore, H&E staining revealed that the nodules on the skin were composed of giant cells that contained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. Numerous virus particles with >210 nm in diameter and with hexagonal profiles were observed in the cytoplasm. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on four iridovirus core genes, MCP, DNA polymerase, myristoylated membrane protein (MMP) and ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), consistently showed that GLCDV was mostly related to LCDV-C, followed by LCDV-1. Taken together, our data firstly provided the molecular evidence that GLCDV was a novel emerging iridovirus pathogen in grouper culture.     

南方规模化奶牛场草基循环农业模式研究

针对奶牛养殖快速发展带来的资源浪费和环境污染问题,探讨了南方规模化奶牛场循环农业模式并提出了相关策略。提出养殖场粪污(包括奶牛粪、尿和养殖废水)是造成环境污染的主要因子,牧草是消纳养殖场粪污,变废为宝,构成循环利用链的主要载体。因此南方规模化奶牛养殖可以就地取材、就近利用,构筑形成草基循环农业模式。草基循环农业模式结合规模化奶牛养殖对鲜草需要量大、杂交狼尾草产量高且对奶牛场污水氨氮吸收率高的三大因素而构建,是低耗高效、安全优质、清洁生态的循环农业模式。     

浙西南山区单季晚稻‘甬优15号’机插高产群体培育及配套栽培技术

甬优15号在浙江西南山区种植,表现为丰产性较好,产量高、米质优。实行育秧、插秧机械作业不仅高产稳产,且省工省本。通过多年的育机插秧示范和推广,总结了甬优15号育机插秧优质高产栽培技术。     

高产优质转基因杂交抗虫棉合丰202的选育

合丰202是以农大326×GK12杂交后代的高代转基因抗虫稳定系145系为母本,以高产优质的206系（冀棉20号纯系）为父本,经过杂交选育而成的高产、优质、转基因杂交抗虫棉品种。该品种抗棉铃虫、抗枯萎病、高产、优质、杂种优势强、适应性广,适宜在黄河流域的河北中南部,山东北部、西北、西南部,河南北部、东部、东南部,安徽淮河以北,江苏淮河以北,山西南部和天津棉区种植。